例子
例子
- 一个无股息股利的股票的现价为$40
- 3个月的远期价格为US$43
- 1年期的无风险利率为5% (以连续复利计算)
存在套利机会吗?如何套利?
如果远期价格为US$39呢?
Forward Price = $43
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Forward Price = $39
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Action now:
Borrow $40 at 5% for 3 months Buy 1 unit of asset for $40 Enter into forward contract to sell asset in 3 months for $43 |
Action now:
Short 1 unit of asset to realize $40 Invest $40 at 5% for 3 months Enter into forward contract to buy asset in 3 months for $39 |
Action in 3 months:
Sell asset for $43 Use $40.50 to repay loan with interest |
Action in 3 months:
Buy asset for $39 Close short position Receive $40.50 from investment |
Profit realized = $2.50
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Profit realized = $1.50
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The big idea: 用含有衍生工具的组合复制标的资产
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例子:
- 一个附息债券,当前价格为$900
- 债券将在4个月后支付利息$40
- 4个月和9个月的无风险利率分别为3%和4%(以连续复利计算)
- 以该附息债券为标的资产的9个月后到期的远期价格为$910(太高) 或$870(太低)时如何套利?
Forward Price = $910
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Forward Price = $870
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Action now:
Borrow $900: $39.60 for 4 months and $860.40 for 9 months Buy 1 unit of asset Enter into forward contract to sell asset in 9 months for $910 |
Action now:
Short 1 unit of asset to realize $900 Invest $39.60 for 4 months and $860.40 for 9 months Enter into forward contract to buy asset in 9 months for $870 |
Action in 4 months:
Receive $40 of income on asset Use $40 to repay first loan with interest |
Action in 4 months:
Receive $40 from 4-month investment Pay income of $40 on asset |
Action in 9 months:
Sell asset for $910 Use $886.60 to repay second loan with interest |
Action in 9 months:
Receive $886.60 from 9-month investment asset for $39 Buy asset for $870 Close out short position |
Profit realized = $23.40
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Profit realized = $16.60
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定价公式:在远期合约期间,若标的资产支付收入的现值为
套利策略
(另一种方法)考虑两个投资组合(组合A和组合B分别是什么?)
如果标的资产的收益率为
通常假设标的资产、到期时间都相同的远期和期货其价格相同
理论上,当利息率不确定时,两者有少许差别(为什么会有差别?):
其中
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储存成本可以被看做是负的收入(收益率):
若单位时间内的储存成本
若储存成本
持有成本(the cost of carry),
对投资资产:
对消费资产:
一项消费资产的便利收益率(the convenience yield) ,
假设投资者对一个资产要求的期望收益率为
可以通过以无风险利率投资
这说明:
[1]某股票当前价格为65美元,该股票在未来1年不支付股利,市场无风险利率为5%(连续复利),该股票1年期的远期价格为多少?
[2]某股票预计在2个月和5个月后每股分别派发1元股息,该股票目前市价等于30,所有期限的无风险连续复利年利率均为6%,某投资者刚取得该股票6个月期的远期合约空头,请问:
[3] 某投资者能以每盎司$560的价格买进和$559的价格卖出黄金,以6%的年利率借入和5.5%的年利率贷出资金(均为连续复利),当黄金期货价格在什么范围内波动时,该投资者不能进行套利?(提示:
[4] A company enters into a forward contract with a bank to sell a foreign currency for
课后阅读:教材第九章
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