L08 期权:市场与性质


L08 期权:市场与性质

期权基础

股票期权


期权基础

期权

期权(Option)

期权(option) 给其拥有者在事先确定的时间(或之前)以事先确定的价格买入或者卖出标的资产的权利(而非义务)

收益 (图)

多头 空头
看涨期权 max(STK,0)\max(S_T-K,0) max(STK,0)-\max(S_T-K,0)
看跌期权 max(KST,0)\max(K-S_T,0) max(KST,0)-\max(K-S_T,0)

术语

股利 & 股票分割


认股权证与可转换债券

认股权证与可转换债券

定价

认股权证和可转债可以用标准的期权定价模型定价,我们只需将摊薄效应(dilution effect)考虑在内。假设公司现有NN股股票和MM份认股权证,每份权证允许持有人以协议价格KK购买γ\gamma股股票。在期初包括股票和认股权证的公司价值为:
V0=NS0+MW0V_0=NS_0+MW_0
在新股摊薄之后:
WT=γ(STK)+=γ(VT+MγKN+γMK)+W_T=\gamma(S_T-K)^+=\gamma\left(\frac{V_T+M\gamma K}{N+\gamma M}-K\right)^+
简化后,我们得到:
WT=γ(VTNKN+γM)+=γN+γM(VTNK)+=γNN+γM(VTNK)+W_T=\gamma\left(\frac{V_T-NK}{N+\gamma M}\right)^+=\frac{\gamma}{N+\gamma M}(V_T-NK)^+=\frac{\gamma N}{N+\gamma M}\left(\frac{V_T}{N}-K\right)^+
这等于n=γN/(N+γM)n=\gamma N/(N+\gamma M)份股票期权的价值:
W0=n×c(S0+MNW0,K,τ,σ,r,d)W_0=n\times c\left(S_0+\frac{M}{N}W_0,K,\tau,\sigma,r,d\right)


股票期权

影响期权价格的因素

影响期权价格的因素


期权价格的上下限

记号与假设

记号:

欧式 美式
看涨期权价格 cc CC
看跌期权价格 pp PP
当日股票价格 S0S_0 S0S_0
到期时股票价格 STS_T STS_T
协议价格 KK KK
期权的到期时间 TT TT
股利现值 DD DD
无风险利率 rr rr
股票价格的波动率 σ\sigma σ\sigma

假设:

期权价格的上限

看涨期权价格的下限

看跌期权价格的下限


看跌期权-看涨期权平价关系

看跌期权-看涨期权平价关系(Put-Call Parity)

对美式期权: S0KCPS0KerTS_0-K\leq C-P\leq S_0-Ke^{-rT}


美式期权的性质

美式看涨期权(标的资产无股息)

提前执行的决策

美式看跌期权

提前执行的决策


股息的影响

股息的影响


课后阅读与练习

课后阅读与练习

课堂练习

  1. What is a lower bound for the price of a 4-month call option on a non-dividend-paying stock when the stock price is $28, the strike price is $25, and the risk-free interest rate is 8% per annum?


  2. Give two reasons why the early exercise of an American call option on a non-dividendpaying stock is not optimal. The first reason should involve the time value of money. The second should apply even if interest rates are zero.


  3. A European call option and put option on a stock both have a strike price of $20 and an expiration date in 3 months. Both sell for $3. The risk-free interest rate is 10% per annum, the current stock price is $19, and a $1 dividend is expected in 1 month. Identify the arbitrage opportunity open to a trader.


  4. Suppose that c1c_1, c2c_2, and c3c_3 are the prices of European call options with strike pricesK1K_1, K2K_2, and K3K_3, respectively, where K3>K2>K1K_3>K_2>K_1 and K3K2=K2K1K_3-K_2=K_2-K_1. All options have the same maturity. Show that c20.5×(c1+c3)c_2\leq0.5\times(c_1+c_3)
    (Hint: Consider a portfolio that is long one option with strike price K1K_1, long one option with strike price K3K_3, and short two options with strike price K2K_2.)


  5. 一份6个月到期的协议价格为$30的欧式看涨期权的当前市场价格为$2。已知标的股票的当前市场价格为$29,标的股票将于第2个月和第5个月末分别支付$0.5的股利。假设无风险利率为2%(连续复利),试计算6个月到期的协议价格为$30的欧式看跌期权的价格(列出表达式即可)。